Flora of Elm Fork Preserve

Flora of Elm Fork Preserve

Definition of Column Headings

Scientific Name: When the checklist has been sorted by scientific name, relationships between species can be easily seen. Therefore, by noting that there are several species in the genus Vicia (Vetch), similarities in fruit type or flower structure can be compared.

Common Name: Common names are listed according to type first, followed by a descriptor in order to facilitate a more useful sorting of this column. For example, Possum-haw Holly would be listed as Holly, Possum-haw, in order to group it with other hollies in the table. Additional common names are separated by semi-colon.

Hbit: The plants growth habit: Tt=Tree, tall Ts=Tree, Short Sh=Shrub Ss=Sub-shrub V=Vine (in some cases listed as Va = annual vine or Vp = perennial vine) Fa=Forb, Annual Fp=Forb, Perennial Fb=Forb, Biennial Gr=Grass.

Bl: Bloom. The number of the months in which a species blooms. For example, ‘5-6,--9’ denotes a bloom period from May through June and sporadically (--) through September.

Color: Color. The color of the blossom. To aid in accurate sorting of this column, the predominate flower color is listed first followed by other colors that may occur on the bloom. Due to space limitations in this column, plants with inconspicuous flowers are listed as modest.

Comments The comments section lists remarks in the following order:

^{1Interesting facts and natural history concerning the plant.
Its place of origin is also listed if it is an alien.}^{2Edible, medicinal or poisonous qualities of various parts of
the plant.}^{3Usefulness of the plant for wildlife. Birds or butterflies
that are attracted to the plant.}^{4Identifying features of the plant are noted, especially
differences between similar species.}^{5Dates when blooms or fruit have been noted.}^{6Recent changes to the scientific name are inserted here.}^{7Location(s) of the plant at the preserve. Many plant species
have been identified by examining the flora in close proximity to a
readily identifiable location, such as a trail juncture or near a
numbered tree sign. Other, floristically interesting locations that are
more difficult to define have been identified with a Global Positioning
System (GPS) coordinate. A GPS location list may be found at the end of
the table.}^{8Cultivation & plant maintenance through the seasons. Topics
within this heading proceed in this order:
Cultivation (propagation & maintenance),
Height (and width),
Source (where the plants were collected),
Planted Out (how many and when planted),
Status (how are the plants faring?),
Notes on Future Use.}^{9Good references for this plant. Final reference in
identification of species comes from the definitive book on the subject,
Illustrated Flora of North Central Texas. For sake of brevity in
this column the reference is cited as (FNCTX, p.xxx). When this book is
referred to for anything other than identification, it is cited in full
as (Diggs, Lipscomb & O’Kennon,1999, p.xxx).}^{10Accession made. A specimen of this species was labeled and
pressed for future study.}

X: Variable use column for sorting.

A = Alien (introduced) species

E = Edible - this plant has some edible part, other parts of the plant may be poisonous

M = Used medicinally in the past or currently

N = Endemic - native species existing only in a limited geographical area

O = Species has other uses (as dye, fiber, wax, etc.)

P = Poisonous

X = Eradicate this species

Z = unusual or rare species worthy of further scrutiny

The following table is sorted by scientific name. Copies can be obtained with the list sorted by common name, habit, bloom time, color, or any of the qualities defined in the X column.

Scientific Name	Common Names	Hbit	Bl	Color	Comments / Plant Uses	X

Acalypha ostryifolia	Copperleaf, Hop-hornbeam	Fa	5-10	modest
Acer negundo	Box Elder; Fresno de Guajuco	Tt	3-4	greenish modest,	⁹(FNCTX, p.219)
Agalinus sp.		F			⁷10-28-97 – noted growing beside the big pond.
Agave sp.	Agave	Fp		white	⁷Beside the parking area/in front of the lily pond. 8Planted Out: 3 plants in fall 02.
Amaranthus sp.	Amaranth; Pigweed	Fa	5-9		⁷Midway along the dry slough - 32° 57.364N, 96° 55.987W	E
Ambrosia psilostachya	Common Ragweed	Fp	8-11	modest	²Ambrosia artemesifolia, a close relative, has edible & nutritious seeds (Plants for a future Internet database, 2000). It is likely that this ragweed has edible seeds as well. Juice from crushed leaves is likely to be astringent & useful for insect stings as it is in A. trifida. ^{4Perennial, reproducing from underground stolons.} 9(FNCTX, p.310)
Ambrosia trifida var. texana	Ragweed, Giant; Bloodweed	Fa	8-11	modest	²Seeds were formerly cultivated for food. Juice from crushed leaves are strongly astringent and useful for insect stings. 9(FNCTX, p.310)	E M
Anemone berlandieri	Anemone, Ten-petal	Fp	2-4	white,prple		P
Asclepiadaceae unidentified Either Funastrum, Matelea or Cynanchum - watch for flowers near end of August.	twining milkweed vine				⁵26 Dec 02 – Ripe pods on leafless vines, some pods just beginning to release seeds while others are long vacant. ^{7Climbing up several trees just beside the trail near the nature center.} 9(FNCTX, p.274)
Baccharis sp.	Roosevelt-weed	Sh	9-11	white (pappus)	⁷Midway along the dry slough - 32° 57.364N, 96° 55.987W 9FNCTX, p. 322
Bromus sp.	Brome,	Gr
Callicarpa americana	American Beauty-berry	Sh	5-7	white or pink, bluish reddish	¹Fruit ripens in September to a stunning bright purple. Grows well interspersed among junipers. ^{4Maximum Height: 9’ with widely spreading branches. ^{7On the trail nearest the interpretive center. ^{9(Enquist, 1987, p. 161)}}} (FNCTX, p.1049)
Cardiospermum halicacabum	Balloonvine; Farolitos	Va	6-11	white	⁷Midway along the dry slough - 32° 57.364N, 96° 55.987W
Carya illinoiensis	Pecan	Tt	4	modest	⁹(FNCTX, p.747)	E
Celtis laevigata	Sugarberry; Sugar Hackberry; Palo Blanco	Tt	3-4	modest	¹One of the most common trees in north central Texas. ^{2Native Americans used hackberries extensively of food (Moerman, 1997, database) ^{525 Oct 02 – Ripe hackberries.}} 9(FNCTX, p.1038)	E M
Cephalanthus occidentalis	Buttonbush; Honey-balls	Sh	6-7		⁷Midway along the slough - 32° 57.364N, 96° 55.987W
Chamaecrista fasciculata	Partridge-pea, Showy; Prairie Senna	Fa	6-10	yellow	¹Orange petiolar glands are cup-shaped and fill with a nectar that is very attractive to ants. ^{3Larvae of the common sulphur butterfly feed on the leaves (Hatch & Pluhar, 1993, p. 189). The seeds provide food for a variety of birds. ^{4Maximum height is 47 inches. ^{5Noted blooming beside the pond on 2 Oct. 2000. ^{9(Enquist, 1987, p.60)}}}} (FNCTX, p.642)
Chamaesyce sp.	Spurge	Fa		modest
Chasmanthium latifolium	Oats, Creek	Gr	6-9	modest	²The flat seed heads are very attractive in dried flower arrangements. ^{5Ripe seeds 19 July 99. ^{6Formerly Uniola latifolium. ^{7Located at the end of the lily pond (near the parking lot).}}} 9(FNCTX, p.1254)
Cissus incisa	Ivy-treebine	V	6-7	greenish	⁵25 Oct 02 -- Noted one specimen with ripe fruit on a walk with Beth Acosta.
Cocculus carolinus	Snailseed, Carolina; Carolina Moonseed	V	6-7	yellow		O
Cornus drummondii	Dogwood, Rough-leaved	Sh	5	white	⁵25 Oct. 02 -- The ripe fruit had all been eaten. 7Good stand along the pond.
Crataegus sp.	Hawthorn	Ts	4-5	white	⁵28 Oct 97 – Ripe fruit noted. 7One specimen is located on the main trail near the southern juncture of the cross trail.
Croton monanthogynus	Prairie-tea; Doveweed	Fa	6-11	modest	¹Plant is distasteful to cattle and increases under grazing pressure.^{2Makes a good tea when dried.} 5Blooming and setting seed on 19 July 99.	E P
Cyperus spp.	Sedge				⁷Midway along the slough - 32° 57.364N, 96° 55.987W 102 Nov 02 – Accession made.
Desmanthus illinoensis	Bundle-flower, Illinois; Prairie-mimosa	Fp	5-6 --9		⁷28 Oct 97 – Noted in open area in front of lily pond / parking lot. 26 Dec 02 – Well fruited patch at the Cross Trail juncture with the main trail (at the persimmon tree). 9(FNCTX, p.652)
Desmodium sp.	Tick-Clover	Fp	6
Diospyros virginiana	Persimmon	Ts	4-6	cream	⁵Fruit ripens in November and is tasty when soft. 7Mature female is located on the main trail at the southern juncture with the cross trail.
Egeria densa	Waterweed	Aq		white	¹This perennial South American species is commonly referred to as Elodea. It is related to Elodea densa, (now known as Anacharis densa) and often mistaken for it. ^{4Egeria has its lowermost leaves in whorls of 3, all other leaves are in whorls of 4-6; serrulate leaf margins (barely visible to the naked eye); without teeth on the midvein beneath. ^{7Found in the lily pond (near the parking area). ^{8Status: A sizable population existed in the summer of 2000. Looking at the pond in March 2001, it appears that the abundance of filamentous algae is overwhelming it.}}} 9(FNCTX, p. 1168)⁷Aquatic plant found in the lily pond (near the parking lot).	A
Elymus virginicus	Rye, Virginia Wild	Gr	5-8	modest	⁷Extremely abundant grass in the preserve.
Eupatorium rugosum	Snakeroot; Fall Poison	Fp	9-11	white	²All parts contain tremetol - a poisonous, complex alcohol. "During colonial times cows eating snakeroot passed the poison through their milk causing "milk sickness" in humans; numerous deaths resulted, in some areas the human population was reduced to less than ½ the original number, and whole villages were abandoned (Diggs, Lipscomb & O’Kennon,1999, p.354). Other Eupatoriums are not known to possess this poison.^{525 Oct 02 – blooming well.} 7Extensive patches in low areas beside the trail as it nears the pond.	P
Eupatorium serotinum	Boneset, Late				⁴A tall Eupatorium – specimen measured was 210 cm. ^{52 Nov 02 – Mature seeds.} 7Fallen black willow at tree marker #6.
Eupatorium sp. (either E. coelestinum or E. incarnatum)	Boneset, Mistflower		8-11 or 10-11	purple	⁴Species identity needs to be checked when identifying characteristics are available for scrutiny. Distinguishing characteristics include: fibrous rooted crown vs. rhizomatous; receptacles conical vs. flat. 7Planted specimens are located at the end of the lily pond (beside the parking lot).
Evonymus atropurpurea	Wahoo; Burning-bush	Ts	4-6	purple or dark red	⁵25 Oct 02 – Abundant, Nearly ripe fruit. 26 Dec 02 -- Very showy – abundant, bright orange/red fruit on leafless branches.
Fraxinus sp.	Ash	Tt	3-4	modest	(FNCTX, p.848)
Galium sp.	Cleavers; Bedstraw	Fx	4-5	white	²Dried fruit sold as a coffee substitute. Often recognized as the best coffee substitute in N. America. Fragrant foliage was used to stuff mattresses in the past. 9(FNCTX, p. 962)	E
Geum canadense	Avens	Fp	4	white	²Boiled root said to be an excellent dysentery remedy (Moore, 1979, P.30). Common in woods throughout. 4Check variety - almost certainly var. camporum. (FNCTX, p.944)	M
Gleditsia triacanthos	Honey-locust; Honeyshuck	Tt	4	yellowish modest	²Dried seeds are delicious and nutritious- cook like dried beans. Fresh green seeds were full sized, yet still easy to chew on 16 August 1999. Ate 44 with no ill effects. Quite tasty raw. ^{8There were several honey-locust trees growing in the preserve formerly. A severe bark beetle infestation in 2000 (? maybe 1999?) killed most, if not all of them. All of them viewable from the trail at least.} 9(FNCTX, p.660)	E
Helenium amarum	Bitterweed	Fa	5-11	yellow	¹Bitterweed becomes very abundant in overgrazed pastures because it is unpalatable to cattle. When cattle graze on even small quantities of this plant, the milk they produce is extremely bitter. Bitter honey is produced when bees take nectar from the flowers.^{2Dugaldin, a toxic glycoside is present in all parts of the plant (Diggs, et.al., 1999, p.366). ^{5Noted blooming at the pond on 2 Oct. 2000.}} 9(FNCTX, p.366)	P
Hesperaloe parviflora	Red-flowered-yucca				⁷Beside the parking area/in front of the lily pond. 8Planted Out: ~30 plants noted as recently planted on 25 Oct 02.
Hibiscus laevis	Rose-Mallow, Halberd-leaved	Sh	5-11	white with red throat	⁵9 July 98 – Noted blooming in the slough. 27 Sept 98 – Ripe seedpods alongside plenty of fresh young buds and blooms. 29 Oct 99 – Flowering & fruiting. ^{7Midway along the slough - 32° 57.364N, 96° 55.987W} 1029 Oct 99 – Accession made.	Z
Ilex decidua	Holly, Possum-haw	Ts	3-5	white
Iva annua	Marsh-elder	Fa	9-11	modest	⁷Midway along the slough - 32° 57.364N, 96° 55.987W
Juglans nigra	Walnut, Black	Tt	4		⁷On the cross trail.
Juniperus virginiana	Cedar, Eastern Red; Juniper	Tt			⁷On the cross trail.
Koelreuteria paniculata (or possibly K. bipinnata)	Golden Rain Tree; Varnish Tree	Ts	7?	yellow	¹This tree is native to China and Korea and is cultivated here as an ornament for its attractive flowers, pinkish-brown papery fruits and yellow to orange fall foliage. ^{3The tree is resistant to insect pests (Sperry, 1991, p.86). Watch for soapberry bugs (Jadera haematoloma) when the fruits are developing. It is interesting to note that although the golden rain tree is an alien species, it is in the same family, Sapindaceae, as our native western soapberry that also attracts this bug (Diggs, et.al., 1999, p.980). ^{4Maximum Height is 30-60’. ^{7One specimen only. Located at the end of the lily pond (near parking lot). ^{8Cultivation: Does well in alkaline, well drained soils and tolerates hot dry summers (Turner, 1999, pp. 500-501)}}}} 9(Phillips, 1978, p.128 (photo of flowers and pods)	A
Lamium amplexicaule	Henbit	Fa	11-2	reddish-purple	(FNCTX, p.759)	E
Lantana sp. (L. camara or L. urticoides)	Lantana	Sh	5-10	yellow	¹This species, while used extensively in landscaping, is known to have allelopathic effects (deters the growth of other plants).^{2The fruits are suspected of being highly poisonous, even lethal, to children (Diggs, et.al., 1999., p.1053). ^{4Maximum height is 1½’ high , 3-4’ wide. Species needs to be identified when flowering. ^{7Located at the end of the lily pond (near parking lot). ^{8Cultivation: After being cut to ground in winter, the plant is invisible until it reappears in early April.}}}} 9(Sperry, 1991, p.226)	P
Leucophyllum frutescens	Cenizo; Texas Blue Sage	Sh	(3)6 (9)	lavender	⁸Planted Out: Noted 21, recently planted, in front of the lily pond on 25 Oct 02.
Ligustrum sinense ?? (or L. quihoui or L. vulgare)	Privet, Chinese	Sh	4-5	white	¹This problematic, alien, invading species should be reduced or eliminated from the preserve. ^{4Species should be keyed out.} 7One (or more) of these species is abundant throughout the preserve.	AX
Lippia nodiflora	Fogfruit; Frogfruit;	Fp	5-10	white (to rose purple	¹Frogfruit makes a handsome mat on moist soils near water.^{5Blooming on 2 Oct. 00. ^{6Formerly known as Phyla incisa and Phyla nodiflora. ^{7Nice patch at the end of the lily pond.}}} 9(FNCTX, p.1054)
Lippia sp.	Fogfruit; Frogfruit;	F?			⁷In the dry slough, just beyond the fallen black willow at tree marker #6.
Lonicera japonica	Japanese honeysuckle	V	3-7	white –wthrs yllw
Ludwigia peploides	Floating Evening-primrose	Fp	5-10	yellow	⁷9-27-98 – noted in the (dry) slough.
Maclura pomifera	Bois d’arc; Horse-apple	Tt	4-5	Green	¹Maclura pomifera is endemic (confined geographically) to TX, OK and AR. ^{2Cut fruit are said to be useful in repelling roaches when placed around the home.} (FNCTX, p.831)
Melia azedarach	Chinaberry Tree	Tt	4-5	white & pinksh prple
Mirabilis nyctaginea	Wild Four-O’Clock	Fp	4-5	pink	⁵28 April 99 – Blooming. 7Growing near the parking lot, just before entering the trail.
Morus rubra	Mulberry, Red	Tt	3-4	modest
Myriophyllum aquaticum	Parrot’s-feather	Aq	3-5	modest
Nandina domestica	Nandina	Sh			⁷26 Dec 02 – noted one specimen on the slough trail near the big pond.
Oxalis stricta	Woodsorrel, Common	Fp	3-10	yellow	²Plant is tart and tasty. Aids saliva flow when mouth is dry 4O. dillenii and O. stricta are now generally lumped together as O stricta. ⁹(FNCTX, p.869)	E
Parthenocissus quinquefolia	Virginia Creeper	V	5	modest	¹Beautiful red fall foliage. 2Berries are suspected of containing a lethal poison. Foliage is poisonous - contains raphides.	P
Passiflora incarnata	Passion Flower, Purple	V			⁷28 Oct 02 – noted on the cross trail.
Phoradendron tomentosum	Mistletoe	Fp	10-3	modest	hemiparasitic (parasitic, but also partially autotrophic) on a variety of tree species including Celtis, Ulmus and Maclura (Diggs, et.al., 1999, p.1064).	P
Physalis sp.	Ground-cherry; Tomatillo loco	Fp	4-10	yellow	⁷North Juncture with Cross Trail - 32° 57.346N, 96° 56.077W	E P
Phytolacca americana	Pokeberry	Fp	6-9	white	¹Wickedly beautiful plant with reddish to purplish stems. Impressive yearly growth Freezes back to the perennial rootstock, which can attain a diameter of 6" (Correll & Johnston, 1970, p.601).^{5 25 Oct 02 – Noted 1 specimen only. With ripe fruit. ^{8Cultivation: Needs rich soil with plenty of moisture. Appreciative of wind protection. Maximum height is 9’. ^{9(FNCTX, p.881)}}} (Turner (Ed.), 1999, p.671)	P
Polygonum pensylvanicum	Smartweed, Pink	Fa	5-1	pink	¹Visually stunning plant with erect, open branches, dark red stems & long clusters of pink flowers. Long-lasting as a cut flower. ^{525 October 02 – full bloom, very showy.} 7Noted beside a shallow pond in McKinnish Park near Elm Fork Preserve. It is likely to also occur at the EFP pond.
Polygonum sp.	Smartweed	Fx		white	⁷Midway along the dry slough - 32° 57.364N, 96° 55.987W 102 Nov 02 – Accession made.
Pontederia cordata	Pickerel-weed	Aq	6-10	violet-blue	⁷19 Sept. 02 – Blooming in lily pond beside the parking lot.
Populus deltoides	Cottonwood	Tt	3-4	modest
Prosopis glandulosa	Mesquite	Ts	4-5 (-7)	white	⁷26 Dec 02 – Noted 2 scraggly specimens under five years old flanking either side of the trail as it follows beside the big pond.
Prunus mexicana	Plum, Mexican	Ts	2-4	white	⁵28 Oct 97 – Ripe fruit noted.
Quercus macrocarpa	Oak, Bur	Tt			¹Acorns are very large (up to 6 cm. wide). (FNCTX, p.716)	E
Quercus shumardii	Oak, Shumard Red	Tt			²Acorns made into flour after the tannin is removed. 9(FNCTX, p.718)	E
Ratibida columnifera	Mexican Hat	Fp	5-10	yellow w/ reddish-brown base
Rivina humilis	Pigeon-berry; Bloodberry-rouge Plant	Fx	5-10	white with pink blush	⁷Plenty of good stands of them towards the pond on the long loop. An excellent patch is situated immediately beside a pokeberry.
Rubus sp.	Dewberry	Fp	4	white	²Fruit is edible and delicious. Leaves can be dried and added to tea mixtures. Blooming 6 April 99	E
Ruellia strepens(?)	Ruellia, Limestone	Fp	4-6, 9-10	lavender	⁴Noted several tall specimens with ripening seed pods – they appeared to be R. strepens but I did not key them out. 9(FNCTX, p. 218)	Z
Rumex sp.	Dock	Fx			²The leaves of some species are good in salads or as a cooked green. High in oxalic acid. 9(FNCTX, p.905)	E
Sagittaria sp. S. latifolia or S. graminea	Arrowhead; Duck potato
Salix nigra	Black Willow	Tt	3-4	modest	¹The most common native willow, widespread throughout Texas. ^{2Natives of the old and new worlds chewed the stems for the pain-killing relief provided by the salicylic acid found in the bark. Humans have created a semisynthetic version of this chemical known as acetylsalicylic acid – aspirin (Milam, Aug 95, p.2 & Nov 95, p.1).} 2According to the late Dr. Geoffrey Stanford (Personal communication, 12 Feb 98), if you cut a willow branch into small sections and let it soak in cold water for a long time, then use the water to immerse branch cuttings in, the cuttings will root. There is a rooting hormone present.	O
Sambucus	Elderberry				⁷12 Feb 98 – location not noted. Find it again.
Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii	Soapberry, Western; Jaboncillo	Tt	5-6	white	²Causes contact dermatitis in some individuals.^{2Fruit contains saponins and has been used (and is still currently used in Mexico) as a soap. Crushed fruits also used as a fish poison. ^{525 October 2002 – noted plenty of ripe fruit – shriveled flesh – raisin-like.}} 9(FNCTX, p.980)	O P
Sesbania drummondii	Rattlebush; Poison-bean
Sesbania herbacea	Sesbane; Colorado River-hemp	Fa	7-10	yellow	²Important plant to Native Americans as a source of fiber (Diggs, Lipscomb & O’Kennon, 1999, p. 697)^{4To 4 M tall. Long thin pods. ^{52 Nov 02 – Pods are turning brown.}} 7Found growing in the slough near the pond.
Sideroxylon lanuginosa	Chittamwood; Gum Elastic	Ts	5-7	white	²The high quality rubber was once used for medical instruments because it survived repeated sterilization by heat. The fruit is considered by some authorities as edible, while others say it causes stomach disturbances and dizzyness. Personal experience of the author - excellent taste with no ill effects unless a quantity greater than 30 is eaten. Upon consumption of more than 30, the tongue becomes very painful and the pain continues for several hours and reoccurs when anything is consumed for several hours after that. ^{6formerly Bumelia lanuginosa.} 9(FNCTX, p. 982)	E?
Smilax bona-nox	Greenbrier, Fiddle-leaf; Stretchberry	V	4-5	green, yellow-green	²The rootstocks were pounded and a reddish starch was recovered as a precipitant in water, then used for soup, bread or jelly (Havard, 1898, p.113). Mid-August - stretchberries are very stretchy, even though seed inside is still white and immature. Fruit ripens sometime in September. An elastic covering surrounds the hard seed and was used by pioneers as chewing gum. ⁹(FNCTX, p.1346)	E
Smilax tamnoides	Greenbrier, Devil; Hagbrier	V	4	green, yellow-grn
Solanum sp.	Trompillo				⁵28 Oct 97 – Ripe fruit 7Noted on the cross trail near the southern juncture with the main trail (near the persimmon tree).
Solidago sp.	Goldenrod				⁷28 Oct 97 – Noted as common on the Cross trail near the southern juncture with the main trail (near the persimmon tree).
Sonchus sp.					⁷Trail running beside the big pond
Sorghum halapense or Tridens?	Johnson grass or purpletop?				⁷Trail running beside the big pond
Sophora affinis	Eves-necklace	Ts	4-5	white standard, rose keel	⁹(FNCTX, p.697)
Stellaria media	Chickweed, Common; Tenpetal	Fa	2-4	white	¹Native of Europe.^{2Leaves and stems are delicious raw. ^{525 October 02 – brand spanking new sprouts everywhere. 8 Dec 99 -- 3-4" sprouts.}} 9(FNCTX, p.525)	A E
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus	Coral-berry	Sh	6-8	grnsh-whit	²Fruit can be eaten raw or cooked as an emergency food. It is not very palatable. The fruit does contain saponins which are considered toxic but are so poorly absorbed by the body that they mainly pass undigested. Cooking thoroughly destroys the saponins (Plants for a Future, Internet database, 1995). ^{5Some fruit remaining from the fall crop on 4 March 99.} 9(FNCTX, p. 510)	E
Torilis arvensis	Beggars-lice; Hedge Parsley	Fa	5-6	white	¹Highly aggressive non-native species from the Mediterranean region. Attractive winter parsley-like foliage gives way in summer to a multitude of small, gray burs that stick to clothing. ^{52 Nov 02 – Newly sprouted.} 9(FNCTX, p.262)	P X
Toxicodendron radicans subsp.	Poison ivy	V	4-5	green	²Indians in northern California crushed the plant and carefully drew designs on the skin with it. When the rash was in the blister stage they would prick the blisters repeatedly with a sharp thorn and rub soot into the wound. This created a blue-green tattoo that never faded (Murphey, 1990, p.56). 9(FNCTX, p.236).	P
Tragia sp.	Noseburn	Fx			⁷26 Dec 02 – Observed one individual on the Trail beside the big pond.
Trifolium sp.	Clover	Fx
Typha latifolia	Cattail
Typha domingensis	Narrow leaf Cattail				⁷26 Dec 02 – Noted a large stand along the trail side of the big pond. A beaver is rapidly consuming them. On 19 Nov 02, the author observed only two or three stalks cut and one adult beaver track.
Ulmus americana	Elm, American	Tt	2	modest
Ulmus crassifolia	Elm, Cedar	Ts	~9	modest	¹Can be an aggressive invader of prairie remnants when fires have been suppressed. 9(FNCTX, p.1040)
Ungnadia speciosa	Buckeye, Mexican	Sh	3-4	pinkish purple	⁷One individual planted beside the trail head.
Urtica chamaedryoides	Nettle, Stinging	Fa	3-5		⁷Exceedingly common along the trail.	E P
Verbesina sp.	Frostweed	Fx			⁹(FNCTX, p.427)
Vicia sp.	Vetch	Fx	4		²Pods exhibit explosive dehiscence and are fun to play with.
Vicia sp.	Vetch	Fx	4		⁴There are at least 2 species – neither of which have been keyed out.
Vitis vulpina	Grape, Fox	V	4-5	modest	²Small, nearly black grapes (5-10 mm dia.) with good flavor. 9(FNCTX, p.1072)	E
Xanthium strumarium var. canadense	Cocklebur; Abrojo	Fa	6	modest
Yucca pallida	Yucca, Pale-leaf	Fp	5-6	white	¹Endemic to north central Texas.^{8Planted Out:} 9(FNCTX, p. 1084)
Zanthoxylum clava-herculis	Hercules Club; Prickly Ash; Tickletongue	Ts	4-5	yellow-green	Ripe fruit on 8 Sept. 1999. (FNCTX, p.974).	E M

110 species identified/noted as of 26 December 2002

Additional species to note:

Notes from 28 Oct 1997 in Nat Hist Ntbk – noted the following species not listed above: Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus virginiana (a grove of live oaks are directly across the street from the parking lot), - find these species in the preserve and note the location.

Dicliptera brachiata (?)

False Mint

-10-

purple (light)

⁴25 October 02 – noted numerous specimens with maturing seeds and no flowers near the trailhead on the slough side. I did not check closely and may easily be mistaken.

9(FNCTX, p.212, photo 87)

Global Positioning System Locations:

Trail head / Parking Lot - 32° 57.263N, 96° 56.195W

North Juncture with Cross Trail - 32° 57.346N, 96° 56.077W

Midway along the dry slough - 32° 57.364N, 96° 55.987W

Reference:

Ajilvsgi, Geyata. Butterfly Gardening for the South. Dallas, Texas: Taylor Publishing Company, 1990.

Ajilvsgi, Geyata. Wildflowers of Texas. Fredricksburg, Texas: Shearer Publishing, 1984.

Bell, Adrian. Plant Form – An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Budavari, Susan (ed.). The Merck Index. New Jersey: Merck & company, inc., 1989.

Correll, Donovan S & Marshall C. Johnston. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. Renner, Texas: Texas Research Foundation, 1970.

Diggs, George M. Jr., Barney L. Lipscomb, Robert J. O’Kennon. Shinners & Mahler’s Illustrated Flora of North Central Texas, (SIDA, botanical miscellany, no. 16). Fort Worth, Texas: Botanical Research Institute of Texas and Austin College, 1999.

Ellenhorn, Matthew J., M.D. & Donald G Barceloux, M.D. Medical Toxicology. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., inc., 1988.

Enquist, Marshall. Wildflowers of the Texas Hill Country. Austin, Texas: Lone Star Botanical, 1987.

Gould, Frank W. Common Texas Grasses. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1978.

Hatch, Stephan L. & Jennifer Pluhar. Texas Range Plants. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1993.

Hatch, Stephan L., N. Gandhi Kancheepuram, & Larry E. Brown, Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Texas (MP-1655). College Station, Texas: The Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, July, 1990.

Havard, Dr. V. "Food Plants of the North American Indians". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. 22, 1898.

Martin, Alexander C., Herbert Zim & Arnold L. Nelson. American Wildlife & Plants - A Guide to Wildlife Food Habits. New York, NY: Dover Publications Inc., 1951.

Milam, Royce. "Trees at Cedar Hill State Park ". Wild Vision Newsletter. August 1995, Volume 1, Issue 3, p.2

Milam, Royce. Natural History Notebook. The following dates: 28 Oct 97, 12 Feb 98, 9 July 98, 22 July 98, 27 Sept 98, 31 Oct 98,

1 Nov 98, 13 April 99, 22 April 99, 28 April 99, 29 Oct 99. (All dates pertain to Elm Fork Preserve floral identifications).

Mielke, Judy. Native Plants for Southwestern Landscapes. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1993.

Moerman, Dan. "American Indian Ethnobotany Database." http://www.umd.umich.edu/cgi-bin/herb/ (University of Michigan-Dearborn, 1997).

Nokes, Jill. How to Grow Native Plants of Texas and the Southwest. Austin, Texas: Texas Monthly Press, 1986.

Niering, William A. & Nancy C. Olmstead. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers. New York, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1979.

Plants for a Future. http://www.metalab.unc.edu/pfaf/ or http://www.metalab.unc.edu/pfaf/D_search.html (to search), 1995-2000. Plant information referenced from this site have been printed out and can be found in my Edible & Medicinal Plants of Texas Notebook.

Simpson, Benny J. A Field Guide to Texas Trees. Austin, Texas: Texas Monthly Press, 1988.

Sperry, Neil. Neil Sperry’s Complete Guide To Texas Gardening,. Dallas, Texas: Taylor Publishing Co., 1991.

Tull, Delena. A Practical Guide to Edible & Useful Plants. Austin, Texas. Texas Monthly Press, 1987.

Turner, R..J. Jr & Ernie Wasson (eds.). Botanica. Australia: Barnes & Noble, Inc., by arrangement with Random House, Australia, Inc., 1999.

Vines, Robert A. Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of the Southwest. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1960.

Vines. Robert .A. Trees of North Texas. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1982.

Wasowski, Sally and Andy. Native Texas Gardens: Maximum Beauty, Minimum Upkeep. Houston, Texas: Gulf Publishing, 1997.

Wasowski, Sally and Andy. Native Texas Plants: Landscaping Region by Region. Houston, Texas: Gulf Publishing, 1991.

Yepsen, Roger , Jr. (Editor). The Encyclopedia of Natural Insect & Disease Control. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale Press, 1984.

*A complete set of the Wild Vision Newsletter, filled with information on the flora and fauna of north central Texas, may be found in the interpretive center at Elm Fork Preserve.

Caution: Alteration of this electronic document destroys data integrity and voids all liability for species misidentification by the author.

All identifications were made by the author unless specifically noted. If additions are made to the species list, please be sure to include the person’s name that is making the identification, as well as the date, time, location, evidence used for identification (bones, tracks, scat, photos, etc) and the reference used.

(Flora of Elm Fork Preserve)